Close-up photograph of colorful microplastics on finger tips with gray background.
Key Innovation By solving for real-world interferents at the miniaturization stage, we produced a field-deployable monitor that performs where benchtop instruments cannot.

Ocean Microplastics Monitor

Client

Various

Overview

Triple Ring supported the development of a portable microplastics monitoring system designed to measure plastic particle concentrations in aqueous environmental samples. The system was developed to enable field-based quantification of microplastics and support environmental research initiatives.

The resulting platform integrates particle detection and separation technologies into a miniaturized unit capable of replacing larger laboratory-based instrumentation while maintaining measurement accuracy under real-world conditions.

Challenge

Environmental researchers required a field-deployable system capable of accurately detecting and quantifying microplastics in complex environmental samples. Traditional benchtop instruments were not suitable for field use due to size, cost, and sensitivity to environmental conditions.

The system needed to function reliably in the presence of common interferents such as air bubbles, biological materials, sand, and other particulate matter. Achieving consistent performance under these variable conditions required robust system integration and miniaturization.

Comparison of current vs triple ring's microplastic testing methods, highlighting efficiency, cost, and portability differences.

Solution

Triple Ring collaborated with research partners to integrate sensing technologies into a compact and ruggedized platform capable of supporting field-based environmental monitoring. Engineering efforts focused on miniaturizing complex instrumentation while maintaining detection accuracy across diverse environmental samples.

Technical work included:

  • Designing miniaturized detection systems that replaced benchtop instrumentation
  • Developing algorithms to distinguish plastics from environmental interferents
  • Integrating sampling and analysis components into a portable architecture
  • Validating system performance under field-relevant conditions
Illustration of real-time microplastics concentration data being transmitted via satellite or cellular tower to a centralized mapping system.
Two researchers in life jackets on a boat testing for microplastics in the surrounding water.

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered a portable microplastics monitoring system capable of operating outside traditional laboratory environments. The system successfully demonstrated reliable particle detection and measurement in real-world environmental conditions.

The field-ready platform enabled successful demonstrations to research partners and funding organizations, supporting ongoing efforts to advance environmental monitoring technologies and improve understanding of microplastic pollution.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined miniaturized sensing system design, particle detection and separation technologies, and ruggedized hardware engineering to develop a portable microplastics monitor capable of replacing laboratory instrumentation in real-world field environments.

Erick and Sheila collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring on this project.

Meet our team
A portrait of Erick Blankenberg, a smiling man with short hair against a blurred gray background.

Erick Blankenberg

Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering

Erick Blankenberg contributes to the development of electro-mechanical systems with a focus on controls and optimization. His work supports software and hardware integration for imaging and instrumentation technologies, helping teams refine system performance through coordinated design and testing.

A portrait of Sheila Hemami, a smiling woman with graying hair

Sheila Hemami, PhD

Electrical Engineering & Enviromental Sciences

Dr. Sheila Hemami brings interdisciplinary teams together to develop technologies that address complex environmental and healthcare challenges. Her work focuses on early-stage innovation and cross-sector collaboration, helping transform emerging ideas into solutions that are practical, deployable, and sustainable.

A 3D rendering of the Empyrean Morpheus robotic radiation therapy system.
Key Innovation By taking a simulation-driven approach to x-ray source and robotic integration, we accelerated a novel intraoperative radiation therapy system from concept to FDA clearance.
Empyrean Medical Systems logo with three blue curved lines above the company name in gray letters, as seen in Triple Ring Technologies' case study on our technical product development of Empyrean's Morpheus robotic radiation therapy system.

Robotic Radiation Therapy

Client

Empyrean Medical Systems

Overview

Empyrean Medical Systems worked with Triple Ring to design and develop a compact, robotically guided intra-operative radiation therapy device. The system was engineered to deliver targeted radiation therapy within surgical environments while maintaining a strong focus on usability and patient-centered design.

The resulting platform combined robotic guidance, precision radiation delivery, and mobile system architecture to support flexible clinical workflows and improve intra-operative treatment capabilities.

Challenge

Empyrean required development of a compact, mobile radiation therapy system capable of delivering low-energy radiation with precise beam directionality during surgical procedures. The system needed to maintain high performance standards while remaining easy to operate within the constraints of clinical environments.

In addition to performance requirements, the platform required integration of multiple complex subsystems, including custom x-ray sources, beam steering electronics, and robotic positioning components. The development effort also required preparation of a complete design package supporting regulatory submission.

A man demonstrates the Empyrean Morpheus medical robotic system at a trade show booth.
A 3D rendering of the imaging system Triple Ring Technologies designed and engineered for the Empyrean Morpheus robotic radiation therapy system.

Solution

Triple Ring collaborated with Empyrean throughout the full product development lifecycle, from concept generation through system integration and clinical validation. The engineering effort focused on delivering precise radiation delivery capabilities while maintaining usability and manufacturability.

Development priorities included:

  • Designing custom x-ray source technologies supporting 3D beam directionality
  • Applying Monte Carlo simulations to validate radiation delivery performance
  • Integrating robotic motion systems supporting accurate positioning
  • Preparing documentation supporting FDA regulatory submission

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered a fully integrated radiation therapy system that was verified, clinically validated, and submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for 510(k) clearance. The resulting platform supported regulatory approval and demonstrated reliable clinical performance.

Following regulatory submission, the system design was successfully transferred to manufacturing and launched into the market. The completed platform enabled advancement of intra-operative radiation therapy capabilities and supported commercialization of the robotic radiation delivery system.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined radiation physics, custom x-ray source development, robotic systems integration, and regulatory engineering expertise to deliver a fully verified, FDA-submitted intra-operative radiation therapy platform from concept through market launch.

Chris and Barry collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring and Empyrean Medical Systems on this project.

Meet our team
A portrait of Christopher Mitchell, a smiling man with gray hair wearing a patterned shirt.

Chris Mitchell, PhD

Bio and Electrical Engineering & Program Management

Dr. Chris Mitchell brings deep experience leading multidisciplinary teams developing complex imaging and medical device systems. His work focuses on guiding technical programs from concept through implementation, helping translate advanced technologies into reliable, real-world solutions.

A portrait of Barry Wood, a smiling man with light stubble wearing a suit and tie.

Barry Wood

Biomedical & Mechanical Engineering

Barry Wood develops mechanical and biomedical systems with a focus on design and performance analysis. His work supports the creation of robust solutions for complex applications, contributing to dependable system function from concept through implementation.

3D rendering of Malcova's innovative new breast imaging technology. Modern ergonomic white device with purple accents and the Malcova logo on the front against a light gray background.
Key Innovation By decoupling x-ray source and detector motion from a fixed gantry architecture, we unlocked a new imaging design space — enabling full 3D breast imaging at ultra-low dose with expanded anatomical coverage.

User-Centric Breast Imaging

Client

Malcova

Practice Areas

Overview

Malcova engaged Triple Ring to redesign and advance a novel breast imaging system capable of delivering full 3D imaging at ultra-low radiation dose while improving patient comfort. The system was designed to expand anatomical coverage beyond what is achievable with standard breast CT technologies.

The resulting platform introduced a gantry-free imaging architecture that enabled flexible source and detector motion, supporting advanced imaging capabilities and improved patient-centered workflows.

Challenge

Malcova developed an early prototype demonstrating the potential for improved breast imaging performance and patient experience. However, the prototype required a comprehensive redesign to support full functionality, human testing, and eventual regulatory submission.

Unlike conventional CT systems that rely on fixed gantry configurations, Malcova’s system required independent movement of the x-ray source and detector to achieve full 3D imaging. This architecture introduced complex synchronization challenges that directly impacted image quality and system reliability. Addressing these challenges required advanced modeling, precise engineering, and deep domain expertise in robotics and x-ray imaging.

Two 3d renderings of a person lying in Malcova's innovative new breast imaging system, one view is front three-quarter the other view is top overhead.
Diagram comparing previous breast imaging capability with Malcova's improved breast imaging capability which captures previously missed breast tissue, highlighting the difference in trajectories around a nonplanar object with an x-ray source.
Illustration of Malcova's innovative breast imaging device adjusting height for patient comfort during a procedure.

Solution

Triple Ring applied expertise in robotics, x-ray imaging, and simulation-driven design to redesign the imaging platform and enable flexible system operation. The development effort focused on resolving synchronization challenges while enabling exploration of the system’s full imaging capability.

Development focused on:

  • Designing coordinated motion control systems supporting gantry-free imaging
  • Applying simulation tools to resolve synchronization and trajectory challenges
  • Integrating robotics technologies enabling precise source-detector alignment
  • Developing control strategies that preserved image fidelity during dynamic motion
  • Optimizing imaging workflows to improve patient comfort and accessibility
3d concept rendering of Malcova's innovative new breast imaging system in a modern comfortable clinic.

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered a redesigned CT imaging platform capable of supporting flexible motion and advanced imaging workflows. The resulting system enabled comprehensive exploration of the technology’s design space while maintaining reliable imaging performance.

The completed platform positioned Malcova to advance its innovative breast imaging technology toward clinical validation and future regulatory development, supporting improved imaging coverage and enhanced patient experience.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined robotics, x-ray imaging physics, advanced simulation, and motion control expertise to redesign a gantry-free breast imaging platform — resolving complex synchronization challenges and enabling full 3D imaging at ultra-low radiation dose with expanded anatomical coverage.

Tobias collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring on this project.

Meet our team
A portrait of Tobias Funk, a smiling man with grey hair wearing a striped shirt against a blurred background.

Tobias Funk, PhD

Experimental Physics & Instrumentation

Dr. Tobias Funk develops advanced instrumentation that applies ionizing radiation to scientific and medical challenges. His work spans imaging, simulation, and system design, helping translate complex physical principles into practical technologies used in real-world environments.

A conceptual rendering of the at-home diagnostic device next to a bathroom sink.
Key Innovation By introducing quantitation to lateral flow immunoassays through integrated optical and embedded systems, we brought high-quality multiplexed diagnostics within reach of the home and low-resource settings.

At-Home Quantitative Diagnostics

Client

BARDA

Overview

The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) selected Triple Ring to design, build, and test a low-cost quantitative biomarker detection platform intended for at-home and low-resource healthcare settings. The system was developed to support multiplexed biomarker analysis using compact, user-friendly instrumentation.

The resulting platform integrates biological sensing, embedded electronics, and optical detection technologies into a portable diagnostic system designed to support lab-at-home, point-of-care, and direct-to-consumer workflows.

Challenge

BARDA identified the need for a low-cost diagnostic platform capable of delivering quantitative biomarker measurements outside traditional laboratory environments. The system needed to support multiplexed testing while remaining accessible for use in resource-limited settings and CLIA-waived environments.

Achieving this capability required integration of complex biological, optical, and electronic subsystems into a compact and manufacturable design. The platform also needed to extend the measurable range of lateral flow immunoassays while maintaining usability and cost targets suitable for broad deployment.

An isolated conceptual 3D rendering of the at-home diagnostic device next to a cup with blue liquid
Illustration showing two steps: 1) A test strip is dipped into a liquid in a cup. 2) The strip is inserted into a small, rectangular digital device.

Solution

Triple Ring applied multidisciplinary expertise across biological sciences, engineering, and embedded systems to develop a scalable diagnostic platform capable of delivering quantitative results from multiplexed lateral flow assays.

Development efforts focused on:

  • Designing multiplexed lateral flow assay (LFA) detection systems capable of quantifying biomarker concentrations
  • Integrating biological, electrical, mechanical, optical, and embedded software subsystems into a unified platform
  • Developing workflows suitable for CLIA-waived, point-of-care, and at-home diagnostic environments
  • Extending the quantitative measurement range beyond that of conventional lateral flow assay readers
  • Conducting system-level integration and verification to support development of a handheld diagnostic platform

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered a functional multiplexed diagnostic platform capable of quantifying biomarker concentrations across multiple test channels. The system demonstrated improved quantitative measurement range compared to conventional lateral flow assay readers.

The platform supported deployment across diverse clinical environments, including at-home and point-of-care settings. Ongoing development efforts include system integration and testing of a handheld version designed to further expand accessibility and usability in remote and low-resource healthcare environments.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined biological sciences, optical detection, embedded electronics, and diagnostic platform engineering to develop a low-cost multiplexed biomarker detection system capable of delivering quantitative lab-grade results in at-home and resource-limited healthcare settings.

Rachel and Chris collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring and BARDA on this project.

Meet our team
Smiling woman with long blonde hair wearing a blue shirt and dark blazer, photographed against a blurred gray background.

Rachel Gerver, PhD

Bioengineering & Applied Science and Systems

Dr. Rachel Gerver advances microfluidic and point-of-care technologies from early development into real-world application. Her work spans technical leadership and systems development, helping teams bring complex innovations to market where they can deliver meaningful impact.

A portrait of Chris Todd, a smiling man wearing a blue polo shirt.

Chris Todd

Mechanical Engineering

Chris Todd focuses on biomedical diagnostics and precision instrumentation, integrating fluidics, optics, and mechanical systems. His work supports the development of regulated medical technologies from early concepts through manufacturing, helping teams deliver reliable diagnostic solutions at scale.

A person holding a transdermal patch applicator
Key Innovation By translating precision pressure requirements across diverse skin types into a manufacturable applicator, we produced a home device robust enough for daily self-use.

Microneedle Patch Applicator

Client

Confidential

Overview

The client selected Triple Ring to design a reusable applicator supporting the delivery of a novel micro-needle patch for transdermal drug administration. The system was intended for patient-administered use in home settings and required consistent mechanical performance to ensure reliable drug delivery.

The resulting combination product integrated a reusable applicator with a micro-needle patch system designed to enable uniform pressure application, supporting consistent adhesion and controlled dosing across diverse patient populations.

Challenge

The client developed a microneedle-based transdermal patch that required significantly greater uniformity of application pressure compared to traditional adhesive patches. Achieving reliable drug delivery required development of a reusable applicator capable of delivering consistent mechanical force during use.

The applicator needed to function effectively across a wide range of skin types, including variations in thickness, age, moisture content, and anatomical placement. In addition to performance requirements, the design needed to meet durability expectations for repeated home use while maintaining low production cost.

3D view of an innovative commination medical device microneedle patch applicator for transdermal drug delivery. White and orange ergonomic handheld device with attachment
Diagram of a transdermal patch delivering medication through the skin with drug-coated tips penetrating the epidermis.

Solution

Triple Ring applied interdisciplinary expertise across materials science, mechanical engineering, and life sciences to design an applicator capable of delivering controlled pressure during patch placement. The development effort focused on optimizing performance across diverse user conditions while maintaining manufacturability and reliability.

Key development efforts included:

  • Designing precision mechanical systems capable of delivering uniform pressure during patch application
  • Selecting materials optimized for durability, manufacturability, and patient-safe use
  • Engineering applicator geometry to accommodate variation in skin thickness, moisture, and elasticity
  • Validating device performance across simulated patient-use conditions
A four-panel illustration showing the steps for using a handheld transdermal patch applicator: from resting position, opening, applying on skin, to pressing the dispenser button.

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered a reusable applicator integrated with a micro-needle array patch, forming a single-entity combination product designed for intracutaneous drug delivery. The system enabled rapid drug absorption while supporting consistent dosing performance.

The completed applicator enabled the client to advance into clinical trials and demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology to healthcare stakeholders. The underlying technology was ultimately acquired by a vaccine manufacturer, supporting continued development and commercialization.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined mechanical engineering, materials science, and life sciences expertise to design a reusable applicator capable of delivering consistent, uniform pressure across diverse patient skin types — enabling reliable transdermal drug delivery in home settings.

Walt and Gabe collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring on this project.

Meet our team
A portrait of of Walt Cecka, a smiling man with short hair wearing a plaid shirt against a blurred background.

Walt Cecka

Medical Device Design & Translational Medicine

Walt Cecka brings decades of experience translating novel medical technologies into first-to-market products. He works closely with innovators to shape early concepts into structured development programs that advance patient care across a wide range of clinical applications.

A portrait of Gabe Chow, a smiling man wearing glasses and a blue jacket with a blurred background.

Gabriel Chow, PhD

Materials Characterization & Development

Dr. Gabe Chow specializes in materials characterization and mechanical system development across macro to nanoscale environments. His work supports the design, testing, and reliability of advanced materials and mechanical systems, helping translate innovative concepts into durable, real-world solutions.

A young girl sitting on the floor reading a book to Kuri the robot companion in a modern living space.
Key Innovation By unifying VCSEL arrays, time-of-flight imaging, and wide field-of-view optics, we delivered navigation and hazard detection that exceeded requirements on an aggressive consumer timeline.
Mayfield Robotics logo with "MAYFIELD" in bold above "ROBOTICS," featured in Triple Ring Technologies' case study on our technical product development of Kuri the robot's vision system, all set on a light background.

Kuri, the Nimble Companion Robot

Client

Mayfield Robotics

Practice Areas

Overview

Mayfield Robotics collaborated with Triple Ring to design and develop an optical guidance system for Kuri, a home companion robot designed to safely navigate and interact within household environments. The system required advanced sensing capabilities to support navigation, hazard detection, and environmental awareness.

The resulting optical platform integrated multiple sensing technologies into a compact architecture capable of supporting simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) while meeting strict safety and cost requirements for consumer deployment.

Challenge

Kuri required a sophisticated optical system capable of performing multiple functions, including hazard detection, navigation, and real-time environmental mapping. The system needed to maintain high performance in dynamic home environments while remaining safe for use around humans and pets.

Additionally, the integrated optics needed to meet strict eye-safety certification requirements and support reliable operation under consumer use conditions. Designing this system required combining complex optical components within a compact and manufacturable architecture while meeting aggressive launch timelines.

A front and side view of Kuri, a modern, anthropomorphic robot with a black and white color scheme, accompanied by a charging dock.
Diagram highlighting the different beams used by a Kuri's optical system for navigation and obstacle detection.
An illustration of Kuri's optical sensor's operation, showing the emission and detection of light beams for distance measurement and environmental mapping.

Solution

Triple Ring applied deep expertise in optical system design and robotics integration to develop a navigation system capable of supporting safe and reliable robot operation. The development effort focused on integrating advanced sensing technologies into a scalable and cost-effective architecture.

Engineering efforts included:

  • Designing pulsed vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array systems supporting depth sensing
  • Developing panoramic annular lens configurations enabling wide-area environmental awareness
  • Integrating time-of-flight imaging sensor arrays for real-time distance measurement
  • Engineering optical subsystems compliant with stringent eye-safety requirements
  • Supporting system-level integration and validation to meet cost, performance, and production goals
Optical subassembly of Kuri's robotic visual system, black plastic housing with lenticular clear plastic, PCBa, lens, and other optics.

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered an optical navigation system that exceeded cost and performance requirements while achieving certification for eye safety and compliance with UL 3300 standards. The system enabled reliable navigation and safe operation within home environments.

The completed optical system supported the successful commercial launch of Kuri, with hundreds of units delivered to customers. The design generated multiple patent filings and contributed to Kuri being named Best in Show at CES 2017 by leading technology publications.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined optical system design, VCSEL and time-of-flight sensing, robotics integration, and consumer safety certification expertise to develop a compact, eye-safe optical navigation system capable of supporting simultaneous localization, mapping, and hazard detection in dynamic home environments.

Todd collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring and Mayfield Robotics on this project.

A portrait of Todd Harris, a man with glasses wearing a black shirt against a grey background.

Todd Harris, PhD

Physics & Optical Science

Dr. Todd Harris applies expertise in optics and imaging physics to the development of advanced sensing and illumination technologies. His work combines optical modeling with system design, helping teams translate complex physical principles into dependable, high-performance solutions.

A lab technician in a white coat holds blood samples near laboratory equipment, showcasing the legacy IVD product modernization process while ensuring 510(k) compliance.
Key Innovation By reverse engineering lost institutional knowledge and validating component equivalency, we unlocked a Special 510(k) pathway without redesigning a full platform.

IVD Platform Refresh

Client

Fortune 500 IVD Company

Overview

A Fortune 500 diagnostics manufacturer worked with Triple Ring to modernize a legacy in vitro diagnostic (IVD) platform facing component obsolescence and software limitations. The project focused on refreshing the system architecture while maintaining regulatory equivalency with an existing FDA-cleared product.

The resulting platform replaced obsolete hardware, migrated legacy software, and introduced updated industrial design elements while preserving compatibility with established manufacturing and regulatory pathways.

Challenge

The client faced the obsolescence of critical hardware components, including single-board computers and microcontrollers, within an existing diagnostic platform. Compounding the challenge, original firmware source code was unavailable, and institutional knowledge associated with the system had diminished over time.

In addition to restoring functionality, the refreshed system needed to maintain regulatory equivalence to the original device in order to qualify for a Special 510(k) submission. This requirement demanded careful reverse engineering, system validation, and modernization without introducing unintended performance deviations.

Close-up of a computer hard drive circuit board, showcasing blue circuitry and an attached circular component with orange connectors, reminiscent of the precision needed in legacy IVD product modernization and 510(k) compliance.
A person is sitting at a desk using a laptop and monitor, both displaying lines of code. A tablet with a blank page is also on the desk, suggesting plans for legacy IVD product modernization.

Solution

Triple Ring implemented a structured modernization strategy combining reverse engineering, hardware redesign, and software migration. The development effort focused on preserving functional equivalency while introducing modern components and improving long-term maintainability.

Development efforts included:

  • Reverse-engineering legacy hardware and firmware to recover system functionality and requirements
  • Migrating existing software to a modern operating system architecture
  • Replacing obsolete components while maintaining compatibility with legacy subsystems
  • Updating mechanical and electrical subassemblies to support manufacturing continuity
  • Preparing validation and documentation packages supporting regulatory equivalence requirements

Outcome

Triple Ring delivered a fully refreshed IVD platform supported by a comprehensive regulatory submission package demonstrating equivalency to the original FDA-cleared device. The updated system maintained functional continuity while addressing long-term hardware and software sustainability.

The refreshed design integrated seamlessly into existing manufacturing workflows, enabling uninterrupted production and maintaining cost targets. The modernization effort positioned the platform for continued market competitiveness while ensuring regulatory compliance and operational reliability.

Triple Ring Talent

The Story Behind the Innovation

At Triple Ring, we draw on a deep bench of expertise across diverse disciplines matched to each innovation challenge. For this project, our team combined reverse engineering, embedded systems, software migration, regulatory strategy, and industrial design expertise to modernize a legacy IVD platform — restoring long-term sustainability while maintaining full regulatory equivalency with the original FDA-cleared device.

Rob and Anne collaborated with many talented colleagues across Triple Ring on this project.

Meet our team
A portrait of Robert de Saint Phalle, a smiling man wearing a blue shirt, with a blurred background.

Robert de Saint Phalle

Interdisciplinary Product Design

Robert de Saint Phalle shapes product design strategies that connect engineering, user experience, and emerging technologies. His work helps teams translate complex ideas into thoughtful, functional products that bring new technologies to life.

A photo of Anne Preut, a woman with wavy brown hair smiling, wearing a green top and small gold hoop earrings, against a blurred gray background.

Anne Preut

Biomedical & Systems Engineering

Anne Preut leads systems engineering efforts that integrate hardware, firmware, assays, and fluidics across complex diagnostic technologies. Her work aligns cross-functional teams throughout the development lifecycle, helping ensure systems perform reliably from early feasibility through production.